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Carlier (chess player) : ウィキペディア英語版
Traité des Amateurs

''Traité des Amateurs'' is the short name of the celebrated book〔("The Café de la Régence" by a Chessplayer in ''Fraser's Magazine'', Vol. XXII, 1840 )〕 ''Traité Théorique et Pratique du jeu des Echecs, par une Société des Amateurs'', published in France〔(Société des Amateurs, ''Traité théorique et pratique du jeu des échecs'', Paris 1786 )〕 in 1786 and subsequently translated into German and English.
A reviewer in 1830 wrote that:

The ''Traite des Amateurs'', is one of the best practical works on Chess, extant. It contains a great number of beautifully played games, together with much solid information, and it is matter of regret that the scarcity of the book, prevents its being more generally used by the Chess student.〔(''The Bibliographical and retrospective miscellany: Containing Notices Of, And Extracts From, Rare, Curious, And Useful Books'', London 1830 )〕

==''Le Traité des Amateurs''==
''Le Traité des Amateurs'' is a chess treatise composed by a "Society of Amateurs" who were contemporaries of Philidor and all frequented the Café de la Régence in Paris. Of these, the strongest players were Bernard, Carlier, Leger and Verdoni. Philidor, who lived in London, took no part in writing the ''Traité des Amateurs'' (which embodies many criticisms and comments on his earlier book). George Walker, in his translation of the ''Traité'' for the ''Chess Player's Chronicle'' in 1846,〔(G. Walker, "The Celebrated Traité des Amateurs" in: ''The Chess Player's Chronicle'', London 1846 )〕 states:

In making up the work before us, it is understood that the great masters above named produced most of their games and examples, by playing them over, experimentally and repeatedly, with each other; consulting upon the moves in committee, and noting down the details and variations contingent upon each result. The natural consequence of this develops itself in the practical character of the Treatise; presenting, indeed, fully as much the complexion of a vast collection of first-rate games, played out, mostly even to the closing Checkmate, as that of a general work on the subject of Chess.

The work is divided into six chapters which are in turn subdivided into sections, games and comments. The first three chapters treat entire games, in which odds are supposed to be given; the fourth chapter is devoted to the consideration of "even" games (no handicap); the fifth concerns the endgame and the sixth consists of a selection of critical situations from Stamma,〔(P. Stamma, ''Essai sur le jeu des echecs'', The Hague 1741 )〕 upon which Ponziani〔(D. Ponziani, ''Il giuoco incomparabile degli scacchi'', Venice 1812 (1st edition Modena 1769) )〕 sarcastically remarked:

i quali sono tutti di Filippo Stamma; quando avrebbero potuto più plausibilmente cavarli dal proprio fondo (they found it easier to take positions from Stamma than to compose new ones for themselves)

Another common point with Stamma is the usage of his algebraic chess notation, which was employed in the French editions of the ''Traité''. From the beginning the authors distance themselves from Philidor's ''Analyse du jeu des Échec'',〔(A. D. Philidor, ''Analyse du jeu des Échec'', London, 1749 )〕 arguing that the variations reported by the celebrated French master are more instructive than correct. Nevertheless, the games analyzed in the text can be regarded as typical examples of the understanding of chess during the Enlightenment, and the group was much closer to Philidor than to the Italians Ercole del Rio, Lolli or Ponziani of the Modenese school. The Italians (in contrast to the French) advocated free piece play, gambit openings and tactical complications. Because of its practical orientation, the work was published at the end of the 18th century together with the more theoretical textbook of Philidor.
During the Romantic era, the play of amateurs was considered slow and monotonous;〔(Anton Schmid, ''Literatur des Schachspiels'', Wien 1847. )〕 however, the modern point of view gives greater consideration to the game of the Romantic period than of the Enlightenment (a good thing, considering the fact that we have the transcription of many more games from the former period than the latter). The most obvious difference between these two ways of playing chess are the respective focus on the dynamic and static factors of the game (giving to the terms "dynamic" and "static" the meanings popularized by Valery Beim in his books).〔V. Beim, ''Lessons in Chess Strategy'', Gambit Publications, 2003〕〔V. Beim, ''How To Play Dynamic Chess'', Gambit Publications, 2004〕〔V. Beim, ''Paul Morphy: A Modern Perspective'', Russell Enterprises, 2006〕 In the introduction to the ''Traité'' and in the notes to the games, however, there are some important considerations that can be defined as modern. The authors, in fact, stress the concept that at the beginning of the game the forces stand in equilibrium. Correct play on both sides maintains this equilibrium, and leads to a drawn game; therefore, a player can win only as a consequence of an error made by the opponent. From this perspective there is no such thing as a winning move, and even the most skilled master can do nothing against these "natural laws" of the game. This point of view was later independently developed by Wilhelm Steinitz; today it represents the basis of modern chess theory, but at the time it was proposed by Steinitz it was in strong contrast with the Romantic concept of chess. According to this concept, it was the stronger player's higher imagination and combinative power (or, in other words, his ''Wille zur Macht'') which decided the outcome of the game; this was explained by Richard Réti.〔R. Réti, ''Modern Ideas In Chess'', 1923〕 ''Traité des Amateurs'', however, also differs from Philidor—not concerning the general idea of the "natural laws" of the game, but on the evaluation of White's move advantage. According to Philidor (as reported in the ''Traité''), White's initial advantage was enough to guarantee, with perfect play, the win of the first player. The authors of the ''Traité'', on the other hand, disagreed and believed that the advantage derived from the first move would only give (with perfect play) a temporary initiative to the first player; a game correctly played by both sides was always destined to be draw.
As an example, the introductive section of Chapter IV (Games in which no Odds are given) in G. Walker's translation〔(G. Walker, "The Celebrated Traité des Amateurs" in: ''The Chess Player's Chronicle'', London 1846 )〕 states:

The combinations being endless, it is clear that the winning or losing of the game, between players equal in point of skill, must depend on the first bad, or what amounts to the same thing, the first lost move on either side; we cannot, therefore, avoid protesting against the erroneous doctrine laid down by Philidor and others, that he who has the first move, ought to win the game in consequence of that advantage. We proceed to prove, from the very games adduced by Philidor in support of his position, these three important points. Firstly, that the move alone can never be considered a sufficient advantage to insure success : Secondly, that he who has not the move, will very soon acquire it, or neutralize its effects; and, Lastly, that supposing each move to be the best that could possibly be played, the game ought to be drawn.


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